Feminism And The Feminist Movement Essay - 1672 Words

The feminist movement has transformed over the past century through the strength of thousands of women who were willing to put their lives and reputations on the line to fight against social injustice. The feminist movement has a common theme: rights and respect for women. However, it’s goals, methods and conceptions of who is included under the identity â€Å"feminist† has evolved considerably since the 19th century. The U.S. feminist movement’s objectives have progressed from prioritizing legislation to effect change, to combining policy with the deconstruction of societal norms in to be more inclusive and widespread force. The activists of the first wave feminist movement were focused on fighting for women’s political rights, namely the right to vote. During the 19th and early 20th century, women were obligated to follow the laws but had no political voice. Women were essentially property, passed from one male to another, father to husband or to relativ e if they didn’t marry. Women didn’t truly own any money they made or any property they inhabited. Women’s opportunities to obtain education were limited and restricted to the wealthy. They were even limited to roles within the church--a place where women were supposed to have superiority as â€Å"moral strongholds.† (Dicker 25) In response to this, women began to push back against this inequality. Strong, intelligent and educated women broke social norms and expressed their opinions in an effort to break down oppression prevalentShow MoreRelatedFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe feminist movement came to fruition during the early 20th century. Over all, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for simi lar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsectionRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement924 Words   |  4 Pagesplaylist I chose to focus on an overall theme of Feminism and the impact that women in popular music have through music. A feminist supports the ideals for equal rights for women. They share a common goal to achieve equal political, economic, personal, social and cultural rights. The women music genre emerged during the second-wave feminist movement. Women artists have taken to the music industry to express the idea of women rights through a feminist movement. This playlist includes eight songs from today’sRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagescreated works that were completely original, and treated everyone with respect, dignity, and authenticity. Roxane Gay’s â€Å"Bad Feminist: Take One† ruminates on the authenticity of feminist identity constructed on principles of à ¢â‚¬Å"essential feminism.† Ultimately, Gay arrives at the conclusion that narrowly constructed and rigidly defined fundamentals or â€Å"essentials† of feminism conflict with the complexities of womanhood and lead to an inauthentic (and unacceptable) identity. Gay advocates that genderRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement1110 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Fayson English 1102 Professor Williams I Spy Feminism In today’s society if we asked people the first thing that came to their mind when they heard the word equality, my bet is that not many of them would say something along the lines of male versus female. Females before, during, and after the feminist movement have been subject to discrimination because of what doesn’t lie in between their legs. Females are often steered away from the things they enjoy doing simply because it may seemRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesAt its very core, the feminist movement aims to create gender equality. However on the individual level, feminism becomes a lot more nuanced, as feminists come from many different backgrounds, have many different experiences, and identify themselves in many different ways. Feminism is a movement for everyone, not just women, as it also addresses many other issues as a result of intersecting identities. Although gender equality seems like a logical enough goal, man y people are afraid to identify specificallyRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement910 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism is a movement that I have never really claimed myself to be a part. I have nothing against those who want to stand for what they believe in, but I think there’s a way it should be done. Feminism is something that I have questioned a lot and have looked into. I am completely for women feeling empowered; however, I find many things that I disagree with when it comes to the feminist movement. I’ve listed five of them: 1. Feminists tend to paint the picture like men are the only problem. ItRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement1006 Words   |  5 Pages Early feminism was typically focused only on white women, likely because racism was still extremely prominent at the time feminism began emerging. It was not until Kimberlà © Crenshaw introduced the term â€Å"intersectionality† in 1989 that feminism started to look at oppressed group’s needs (Nash, 2008, 2). Intersectionality is a way of thinking that acknowledges that when a person has identities that belong to more than one oppressed group, it impacts their quality of life more negatively. In this paperRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement1304 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rise of the feminist movement there have been many significant advances toward women gaining equality in all aspects of life. Media has a strong influence on society and it is continuously educating, informing and conditioning how humans behave and display themselves. With the media endorsing so many hyper sexualized images of men and women, it is very unlikely that these ideas would render no i mpact on our sense of identity. Feminism is a social principle and political movement mostly based onRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement1451 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Feminism? According to the English Dictionary, Feminism is a doctrine advocating social, political, and economic equality for all sexes. For the last 100 years men and women had fought tirelessly for equality of the sexes. The Women’s Liberation Movement, also known as the Feminist Movement made aggressive changes in the history of women oppression in society. This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh, she shall be called a women, so God created man in his own image. â€Å"Genesis 1:26-27Read MoreFeminism : A Feminist Movement1553 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Feminist battled for decades to†¦ wrest power from men, Congratulations men, you won.† After comments like this how do you not ask yourself if there is still a need for a feminist movement throughout the country? Although i t is now 2015, women still must put up a fight for equality. Males and females are constantly being compared in society. Especially at work, whether it is by earning less, or being subjected to an unfavorable environment, women are still seen as inferior to men, even if it is not

Mcdonalds Energy Drink Research Report Free Essays

McEnergy 1 Energy Drink Research Report For McDonalds Corporation Marketing Research, Unit 9 8 August 2011 McEnergy 2 Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to investigate past trends and forecasts of the energy drink market. Included in this report, is information on market size, target population and statistical data on growth history and growth projections. The aim is to determine if adding energy drinks to McDonalds offerings will create a profitable segment for their menu. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds Energy Drink Research Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now The market research collected and contained in this report consists of secondary data. This research was authorized by: McDonalds Corporation. Current market research shows that the energy drink market has grown into a multi-billion dollar business, which has been reported as being the fastest growing segment in the beverage industry since bottled water. The US energy drink industry is expected to more than double in the 5 years preceding 2013. (Comprehensive Reviews) Eighteen to twenty-four year olds or college students are the largest segment of energy drink consumers. NutritionJ) The conclusion of this report suggests that the growth of the energy drink market has been greater than most other liquid refreshment beverage sectors in the US in the past five years and that this trend will continue. It is recommended that McDonalds Corporation add energy drinks to their offerings and target college-aged students. Introduction Fast food consumption in the US has declined during the rece nt economic crisis. To stay profitable, many fast food chains have introduced low-cost or â€Å"value† items too keep sales up. Along with low-cost items, many fast food chains have added specialized items or niche items to attract customers that can more conveniently buy these at a fast food store. McEnergy 3 Energy drinks have continued to gain popularity since Red Bull was launched in 1997. More than 500 new energy drinks were launched worldwide in 2006 and beverage companies are reaping the rewards of the exploding energy drink industry. This report examines the energy drink market and its potential to become a niche item in a fast food chain along with the population to target. Methods This report was conducted using a secondary statistical data and secondary research that was gathered using a focus group and survey of college age participants. The statistical data was obtained from New York City-based Beverage Marketing Corporation which is the leading research firm dedicated to the global beverage industry. The statistical data regarding the previous growth patterns and growth forecasts will be discussed in the results. The focus group and survey were done by Nutrition Journal and focuses on energy drink consumption patterns among college students. The survey was based on responses from a 32-member college student focus group and a field test, a 19-item survey was used to energy drink consumption patterns of 496 randomly surveyed college students. (nutritionj) The population was defined as undergraduate students at a state university located in the Central Atlantic Region of the United States. 85% of the undergraduates were 18-24 years of age, 12% were 25-40 years of age and 3% 41 years of age or older. Sixty two percent of the entire student body is female. The sampling units were individual college students that were generated with a McEnergy 4 non-probability method of asking students around campus if they would like to participate. (Nutritionj) Results Fifty one percent of participants reported consuming at least one, energy drinks a month. Thirty four percent of participant reported consuming at least two energy drinks a month. Table 1 % of college energy drink users reporting amount and frequency of energy drink consumption by situation in an average month Energy drinks consumed Days/month ________________________________________________ Situation n 1 2 2 1-4 5-10 10 Insufficient Sleep 169 64 22 14 74 18 8 Need general energy 165 63 21 16 74 18 8 Studying or project 125 50 36 14 85 10 5 Driving long distance 114 63 23 14 86 9 5 With alcohol 136 27 24 49 73 18 9 Treat hangover 42 74 10 16 74 14 12 N= 253 college energy drink users (nutritionj) The US refreshment beverage market grew by 1. 2% in 2010The growth of the energy drinks market is up 5. 4% in the past year. (beveragemarketing) From 2004 to 2009 the McEnergy 5 overall growth of the energy market is up over 240% (Wiley) The shift from consumption of sports drinks such as Gatorade and Powerade towards energy drinks should continue. In the last year, carbonated soft drinks remain the largest liquid refreshment beverages category but their volume slipped 0. 8% from 13. 9 billion gallons in 2009 to 13. 8 billion gallons in 2010, which resulted in their market share decreasing. (beveragemarketing) Table 2 U. S Liquid Refreshment Beverage Market Change in Volume by Segment 2009-2010 Percent Change Segments 2009-2010 RTD Tea 12. 5% Sports Drinks 9. % RTD Coffee 8. 1% Energy Drinks 5. 4% Bottled Water 3. 5% Value-Added Water 0. 2% Fruit Beverages -2. 0% Carbonated Soft Drinks -0. % Total LRB 1. 2% Source: Beverage Marketing Corporation (BeverageMarketing) McEnergy 6 Conclusion The energy drink market has grown into a multi-billion dollar business, which has been reported as being the fastest growing segment in the beverage industry since bottled water. Having grown 240% in the past five years, the only beverage sectors to grow faster that energy drinks last year were ready-to-drink tea, ready-to-drink coffee and s ports drinks. McDonalds already distributes these other three beverages and would benefit by adding the next fastest growing beverage sector, energy drinks. Despite the large market share that carbonated beverages owns, there is a demand and shift towards other beverage sectors as evidenced by a decrease in carbonated beverage market share last year. A large segment of energy drink consumers is the college-aged consumer. With over 50% of college students drinking at least one energy drink a month and 34% at least two a month, this would be a good population to target. Recommendations Include energy drinks to the offerings at McDonalds fast food restaurants. Target college-aged students with initial locations and marketing strategies. McEnergy 7 References: – Gonzalez de Mejia, E. Heckman, M. A. Sherry, K. (2010). Energy Drinks: An Assessment of Their Market Size, Consumer Demographics, Ingredient Profile, Functionality, and Regulations in The United States. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1541-4337. 2010. 00111. x/pdf – West, T. (2011). The Energy Market is Still Full of Growth Potential Reports. Wholesale News. Retrieved from: http://web. ebscohost. com. lib. kaplan. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=12hid=123sid=eeec713f-80bc-4ca6-b6ce-02c68e0f1f50%40sessionmgr112 – The US Liquid Refreshment Beverage Market Increased by 1. 2% in 2010. (March 2011). Beverage Marketing Corporation Reports. Retrieved from: http://www. beveragemarketing. com/? section=pressreleases – Aeby, V. G. Barber-Heidal, K. Carpenter-Aeby, T Malinauskas, B. M, Overton, R. F. (2007). A Survey of Energy Drink Consumption Patterns Among College Students. Nutrition Journal. Retrieved from: http://www. nutritionj. com/content/6/1/35 How to cite Mcdonalds Energy Drink Research Report, Essays

Ellison free essay sample

# 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Battle Royal # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper Ellison # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Battle Royal # 8221 ; In Battle Royal, Ellison shows us assorted things to convey our attending to the hurting the minority group suffered. In making this Ellison shows us relationships between the torture they felt to our feelings for them. When the male childs enter the pugilism ring, they are shown off like animate beings. The adult female dancing represents the ill pleasance derived from the male childs # 8217 ; anguish. Ellison shows us a image of the human head, in seeing something to crave after so watching immature work forces being beaten about to decease as a signifier of amusement. He does this to demo us a position of human nature. In subjugation to the torture the male childs developed a kind of counter onslaught. The male childs were so eager for the the bogus money that they suffered electric dazes to catch it. I think this kind of surprised the audience, existences that the male childs neer gave up the battle. 4. Why does Ellison say hung the bird on Charlie (Para 2) instead of nicknamed him? Here is another nod to audience. Ellisons readers were likely well educated, even Intellectual; however, they might have liked seeing themselves as hip connoisseurs of avian-garden music, a desire that Ellison taps into by using slang.Its also, of course, a nice Juxtaposition with the academic language earlier In the paragraph: achieved Identity. 5. What Is the effect of Ellisons references to the story about the infant Jesus (Para 3)? It has a couple of functions. One Is the connection between Parker and the miracle of the Virgin Birth his music Is miraculous to some. Another Is the way Ellison uses It to develop his argument: the story works but the music does not (the goldfinchs song has no soul). . Why does Ellison provide the mockingbirds scientific name (Mulls polyglots)(Para 4)? As previously, the excerpt Is filled with Juxtaposition of academic language and the language of pop culture. Here Ellison plays the academic again. 7. How does Ellison manage to make this description of Jazz sound so Jazzy: by long- intended successions of notes and phrases, by swoops, bleats, echoes, rapidly repeated bebops I mean rebooked bebops . (Para 4)?In part, he does It through his use of onomatopoeia as well as his use of pacing. The phrase begins with the parallel by but speeds up with the list of sounds and then stops and doubles back after the dash. 8. What Is the effect of the dashes In the phrasebook? See above hung the bird on Charlie (Para 2) instead of nicknamed him? Here is another nod to audience. Ellisons readers were likely well educated, even intellectual; however, tit the academic language earlier in the paragraph: achieved identity. 5. What is couple of functions. One is the connection between Parker and the miracle of the Virgin Birth his music is miraculous to some. Another is the way Ellison uses it to has no soul). 6. Why does Ellison provide the mockingbirds scientific name (Mimes polyglots)(Para 4)? As previously, the excerpt is filled with Juxtaposition of academic repeated bebops I mean rebooked bebops (Para 4)? In part, he does it through after the dash. 8. What is the effect of the dashes in the phrasebook?

Masque of the Red Death free essay sample

It is typical when reading Edgar Allan Poe’s literature for it to give off a spine-chilling sensation. Poe likes to specify the words he places into his writing, in order for the reader to picture it in their mind. To make this possible, Edgar Allan Poe utilizes negative diction and imagery to manifest a dark and sinister tone in his story, â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†. Diction is the word choice a writer uses in their writing to develop a special meaning. Poe wants to send a dark emotion to his readers and starts off his story by personifying â€Å"Death†, giving it human qualities, portraying it is as the protagonist. He wants to make sure the reader realizes how important Death is in the story. Poe also speaks a lot about death and the horrible way these people are dying. This gives off a sinister tone of how he constantly refers to death. We will write a custom essay sample on Masque of the Red Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Poe is very precise with the words he uses during his story to foreshadow what will be the end result. Poe utilizes very vivid imagery in his story to paint a picture in the readers head. He constantly refers to blood though out the story, â€Å"the redness and horror of blood†, â€Å"profuse bleeding at the pores†, â€Å"scarlet stains upon the body†. He emphasizes blood so you can visualize in your mind what they all see every day everyone dyeing the worst way possible. This creates a dark tone by the reader visualizing how these people are suffering dying the way they are. When Poe describes to the reader about the seven rooms he speaks about each color and the glass windows that match the room. He spends a lot of time describing the black room, how it has â€Å"scarlet –a deep blood color† windows. Poe wants the reader to sense that something is not right in the black room â€Å"the dark hangings through the blood-tinted panes, was ghastly in the extreme, and produced so wild a look upon the countenances of those who entered, that there were few of company bold enough to set foot†. He wants one to catch sight of how frightening the view of this room is and how no one set foot inside. He makes the reader feel the suspense of the story as if they are really there. He speaks about the gigantic ebony clock and how it struck hour by hour, and when it did the emotion that went around the room â€Å"the giddiest grew pale, and the more aged and sedate passed their hands over their brows as if in confused reverie or meditation. This makes one feel the intensity of the clocks strikes how Death is an hour closer each strike. These are only a few examples of how Edgar Allan Poe uses diction and imagery in his story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† to set a dark and sinister tone. Poe wants the reader to catch the concept of every word he says and why he says it. He also wants one to really feel the hair-rising sensations of the suspense throughout his story.

Pause Social Messages Control Your Social Strategy With CoSchedule

Pause Social Messages Control Your Social Strategy With You know the phrase â€Å"timing is everything.† Well..it’s especially  true for your social media strategy. And when there’s a national crisis or your website unexpectedly goes down†¦(yikes) Sending social messages that seem out of touch Or directing users back to a website that doesn’t work†¦ Wellit just can’t happen. 🙅 You’ve got a brand’s reputation at stake! If only you could stop social messages from sending WITHOUT deleting them (because TBH, those lil’ guys took some serious time to plan and create) Give yourself time to pivot to an alternate strategy†¦Ã‚  (i.e reschedule posts you need to skip and quickly create a few new, more appropriate messages) And then easily resume sending messages once the dust settles  (and show your boss you can handle anything  the social world throws at you). Too good to be true? Think again. Introducing Pause Social Messages from !  AKA the easiest way to pause and recalibrate your social message strategy (if the need should arise). With Pause Social Messages, you can: Quickly pause (and resume) your social messages.   Life isn’t predictable. With Pause Social Messages, you maintain control over *every* social message and can react fast to real-time events and time-sensitive situations. Easily reschedule skipped messages. Don’t let ANY social message go to waste (just because it wasn’t timely). Simply drag and drop your skipped messages to a new date on the calendar and voila!..it looks like you never missed a beat. 😠 Which means you stay in control of your social media strategy†¦. And know your messages are going out in the right way at the right time.

Phosphate-Buffered Saline or PBS Solution

Phosphate-Buffered Saline or PBS Solution PBS or phosphate-buffered saline is a buffer solution that is particularly valuable because it mimic the ion concentration, osmolarity, and pH of human body fluids. In other words, its isotonic to human solutions, so its less likely to cause cell damage, toxicity,  or unwanted precipitation in biological, medical, or biochemical research. PBS Chemical Composition There are several recipes to prepare PBS solution. The essential solution contains water, sodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium chloride. Some preparations contain potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. EDTA may also be added in cellular preparation to prevent clumping. Phosphate-buffered saline is not ideal for use in solutions that contain divalent cations (Fe2, Zn2) because precipitation may  occur. However, some PBS solutions do contain calcium or magnesium. Also, keep in mind phosphate may inhibit enzymatic reactions. Be particularly aware of this potential disadvantage when working with DNA. While PBS is excellent for physiological science, be aware the phosphate in a PBS-buffered sample may precipitate if the sample is mixed with ethanol. A typical chemical composition of 1X PBS has a final concentration of  10 mM PO43−, 137 mM NaCl, and 2.7 mM KCl. Heres the final concentration of reagents in the solution: Salt Concentration (mmol/L) Concentration (g/L) NaCl 137 8.0 KCl 2.7 0.2 Na2HPO4 10 1.42 KH2PO4 1.8 0.24 Protocol  for Making Phosphate-Buffered Saline Depending on your purpose, you may prepare 1X, 5X, or 10X PBS. Many people simply purchase PBS buffer tablets, dissolve them in distilled water, and adjust the pH as needed with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. However, its easy to make the solution from scratch. Here are recipes for 1X and 10X phosphate-buffered saline: Reagent Amountto add (1) Final concentration (1) Amount to add (10) Final concentration (10) NaCl 8 g 137 mM 80 g 1.37 M KCl 0.2 g 2.7 mM 2 g 27 mM Na2HPO4 1.44 g 10 mM 14.4 g 100 mM KH2PO4 0.24 g 1.8 mM 2.4 g 18 mM Optional: CaCl22H2O 0.133 g 1 mM 1.33 g 10 mM MgCl26H2O 0.10 g 0.5 mM 1.0 g 5 mM Dissolve the reagent salts in 800 ml distilled water.Adjust the pH to the desired level with hydrochloric acid. Usually this is 7.4 or 7.2. Use a pH meter to measure the pH, not pH paper or other imprecise technique.Add distilled water to achieve a final volume of 1 liter. Sterilization and Storage of PBS Solution Sterilization isnt necessary for some applications, but if your are sterilizing it, dispense the solution into aliquots and autoclave for 20 minutes at 15 psi (1.05 kg/cm2) or use filter sterilization. Phosphate-buffered saline may be stored at room temperature. It may also be refrigerated, but 5X and 10X solution may precipitate when cooled. If you must chill a concentrated solution, first store it at room temperature until you are certain the salts have completely dissolved. If precipitation does occur, warming the temperature will bring them back into solution. Shelf life of refrigerated solution is 1 month. Diluting a 10X Solution to Make 1X PBS 10X is a concentrated or stock solution, which may be diluted to make a 1X or normal solution. A 5X solution must be diluted 5 times to make a normal dilution, while a 10X solution must be diluted 10 times. To prepare a 1 liter working solution of 1X PBS from a 10X PBS solution, add 100 ml of the 10X solution to 900 ml of water. This only changes the concentration of the solution, not the gram or molar amount of the reagents. The pH should be unaffected.   PBS Versus DPBS Another popular buffer solution is Dulbeccos phosphate buffered saline or DPBS. DPBS, like PBS, is used for biological research and buffers in the 7.2 to 7.6 pH range. It can be stored at room temperature. Dulbeccos solution contains a lower concentration of phosphate. It is 8.1 mM mM phosphate ions, while regular PBS is 10 mM phosphate.  The recipe for 1x DPBS is: Reagent Amount to add (1x) NaCl 8.007 g KCl 0.201 g Na2HPO4 1.150 g KH2PO4 0.200 g Optional: CaCl22H2O 0.133 g MgCl26H2O 0.102 g Dissolve the salts in 800 mL of water. Adjust pH to 7.2 to 76 using hydrochloric acid. Adjust the final volume to 1000 mL with water. Autoclave at 121 °C for 20 minutes. Sources Dulbecco, R.; et al. (1954). Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses. J. Exp. Med. 99 (2): 167–182.Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols (2006). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Operation Menu - a covert bombing conducted in eastern Cambodia Research Paper - 1

Operation Menu - a covert bombing conducted in eastern Cambodia - Research Paper Example In my own opinion, I feel that this was a show of the US government’s unwillingness to accept diplomacy in conflict resolution. According to the VVAW (Para. 1), the Cambodia bombing continued despite a peace treaty â€Å"bombing halt† that required that the US stop its attack in Indo-China. The US launched over 500 thousand tons of bombs. The main targets of the bombs were the people’s army of Vietnam (PAVN) and forces of the Viet Cong and their air bases that were used to as the supply and training areas. The US persisted bombing despite the countries uncooperativeness to the diplomatic missions launched to end their conflict with Vietnam. According toTucker (740), this was a war whose intentions were personal and did not rhyme with the international strategies of resolving conflicts. This is the reason why the US kept the mission secret because they did not have any good reason to attack this country. From a critic’s point of view, Tucker states that the US government was undiplomatic in launching such a covert attack against Cambodia at a time when there was hope for a peaceful resolu tion. Other scholars have provided that the US president Nixon depicted the highest level of imperialism in their attack of the Cambodia. Owen and Kiernan (1) focused on the revelation of the Cambodia bomb attack after Bill Clinton, the US president released information that the US had concealed about the bombing. The purpose of Bill Clinton was to show the US’s accountability and its commitment to establish honesty in its history. From this report, it is clear that the magnitude of the bomb attack was much higher than what the people had approximated. It also reveals that most of the bomb targets were unclear and they remained undocumented even after the covert war. However, it is clear that there was catastrophic damage and the civilians in Cambodia suffered a great deal during this attack. According to Owen